ANUFACTURES. 


* 


AN  adjourned  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  the  city  and  county 
of  Philadelphia,  friendly  to  American  manufactures,  was  held  in 
the  county  court  house,  on  Saturday  the  2d  of  October,  1819. 


Matthew  Lawler,  Esq.  Chairman. 
C.  Raguet,  Esq.  Secretary. 


{ 


* The  committee  appointed  for  the  purpose,  presented  the  fol- 


lowing 


REPORT. 


The  committee  appointed  by  a meeting  of  the  citizens  of  the 
city  and  county  of  Philadelphia,  held  on  the  21st  August,  at  the 
county  court  house,  to  make  enquiry  into  the  situation  of  the 
manufactures  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia  and  its  vicinity,  in  1814, 
1816,  and  1819,  beg  leave  to  report — 

That  they  have  performed  the  duty  assigned  them  with  as  much 
attention  as  in  their  power ; and  regret  that  notwithstanding  all 
their  diligence,  they  have  been  able  to  procure  the  necessary 
information  from  only  thirty  branches  of  manufactures,  of  which 
they  annex  the  result. 

Although  they  made  report  in  part,  on  the  4th  ult.  containing 
a statement  of  the  situation  of  seventeen  branches,  they  judge  it 
pvoper  to  present  their  fellow  citizens  with  a connected  view  of 
the  whole  together  ; so  as  to  enable  them  to  form  a correct  esti- 
mate on  a subject  of  immense  importance  not  merely  to  the  wel- 
fare of  this  community,  but  to  the  wealth,  power,  and  resources 
of  our  common  country  ; which  never  can  be  really  independent, 
while  it  continues  to  buy  more  than  it  sells — paralizes  the  indus- 
try of  its  citizens,  neglects  its  domestic  manufactures,  and  sup- 
ports those  of  foreign  nations. 


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The  following  is  a list  of  the  branches  of  business,  on  which 
the  committee  found  it  impracticable  to  procure  the  necessary 
information  : 


Shotmakers 

Plumbers 

Coopers 

Umbrella  makers 

Bookbinders 

Sugar  bakers 

Chocolate  makers 

Snuff  and  tobacco  manufacturers 


Stone  cutters 

Glass  manufacturers 

Brewers 

Tanners 

Curriers 

Dyers 

Brick  makers 
Chair  makers 


ofhands  ( Average  value  of  their  IValm 


il 


Carpenters 
Painters  and  glaziers 
Manufacturers  of  gunpowder 
Shoemakers 
Engravers 


Glovers 
Embroiderers 
Calico  printers 
Turners 
Wheelwrights,  Sec.  & C. 


It  is  obvious  that  these  branches  must  have  partaken  of  the 
general  decay  of  business — but  it  is  impossible  to  ascertain  in 
what  proportion. 

We  do  not  pretend  that  the  above  statements  are  critically 
exact.  It  is  obvious,  that  it  would  be  hardly  possible  to  render 
them  so,  unless  they  were  collected  officially  by  public  authority. 
But  from  the  characters  of  the  citizens  who  have  furnished  our 
data,  we  can  confidently  assert,  that  if  there  be  any  errors,  they 
are  neither  numerous  nor  important ; and  that  any  slight  excess 
in  some  is  amply  counterbalanced  by  deficiencies  in  others  ; of 
the  latter  description  some  have  already  fallen  within  our  know- 
ledge. 

The  preceding  table  demands  the  most  serious  reflection  of 
our  citizens.  It  is  fraught  with  instruction. 


The  following  is 
Average  of 
1814,  and  1816. 

an  analysis : 

1819* 

Diminution. 

persons  emp.oyed 
Weekly  wages 
Wages  per  annum 

9,425 

$58,340 

$3,033,779 

2,137 

$12,822 

$666,744 

7,288 
$45,518 
$2,3 66,935 

Thus  in  the  article  of  wages  alone,  there  is  in  thirty  branches 
of  manufacture,  an  actual  annual  loss  of  $2,366,935  00 

Supposing  the  materials  only  equal  to  the  wages, 
they  amount  to  - - 2,366,9 35  00 

Annual  amount  of  productive  industry  smothered  by  } ^ ^3  870  00 

our  present  system,  5 * 5 

In  this  city  and  vicinity,  there  are,  it  appears,  7,288  persons 
thrown  idle.  And  it  is  far  from  unreasonable  to  presume,  that 
on  every  person  thus  deprived  of  employment,  at  least  two  other 
persons  depend.  Hence  it  follows  that  no  less  than  21,864  per- 
sons are  bereft  of  maintenance  in  thirty  branches  of  business,  in 
one  single  district  of  no  great  extent,  not  forty  miles  in  diameter. 

The  pecuniary  loss  arising  from  this  state  of  things  may  be 
calculated  with  tolerable  certainty.  But  who  can  calculate  the 
injuries  of  another  description  that  flow  from  it  ? The  demoral- 
ization that  necessarily  results  from  want  of  employment,  and  its 
attendant,  dissipation  ? the  heart-rending  pangs  felt  by  parents, 
whose  prospects  of  supporting  their  families  are  blighted  and 
blasted  ? the  numerous  estimable  females  accustomed  to  earn  a 
subsistence  by  spinning,  and  other  employments  adapted  to  their 
sex,  and  whose  wants  and  distresses  may  force  them  to  a life  of 
guilt  and  wretchedness  ? the  vice  and  immorality,  to  which  chil- 
dren are  exposed  by  a career  of  idleness  ? in  a word,  the  flood  of 
evils,  moral  and  political,  which  are  let  loose  on  society,  by  the 
existing  state  of  things  ? 


It  would  far  exceed  the  bounds  of  this  report,  to  enter  into  de- 
tails on  those  various  branches  of  business.  This  must  be  left  to 
the  reflexion  of  our  citizens  and  of  the  legislature  of  the  United 
States,  who  alone  are  competent  to  apply  a remedy  to  the  exist- 
ing evils.  But  we  cannot  forbear  casting  a glance  at  one  parti- 
cular branch,  in  order  to  establish  the  impolicy  of  our  system. 

The  basis  of  the  paper  manufacture  is  a raw  material,  com- 
pletely worthless  for  any  other  purpose.  All  the  produce  of  it, 
therefore,  is  clear  gain  to  the  community,  and  a solid  substantial 
addition  to  the  wealth  of  the  country.  We  therefore  exhibit  a 
comparative  view  of  the  state  of  this  branch  in  1816,  and  1819 


1816. 

Workmen  employed  950 
Annual  wages  §247,000 
Annual  production  §760,000 
Tons  of  rags  worked  up  2,600 
Thus  in  one  single  branch, 


1819.  Diminution. 

175  775 

§45,000  §202.000 

§136,000  §624,000 

472  2,128 

of  little  comparative  importance, 
an  annual  loss  of  624,000  dollars  is  incurred  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
city ; and  775  persons  are  rendered  destitute  of  employment,  many 
of  them  men  and  women  of  large  families.  This  is  independent 
of  the  sacrifice  of  the  capital  of  the  employers,  which  in  many 
cases  is  reduced  to  one  half  of  its  former  value. 

Our  policy  is  in  direct  hostility  with  that  of  all  the  wise  nations 
in  the  world  for  four  or  five  hundred  years  past  They  have  al- 
ways held  out  inducements  to  the  migration  of  artists,  mechanics, 
and  manufacturers,  whom  they  have  received  with  open  arms, 
and  fostered  and  cherished,  frequently  by  bounties  and  immuni- 
ties. In  some  countries  the  emigration  of  such  persons  is  made 
penal.  But  alas  ! with  us  the  same  ruinous  policy  that  depresses 
the  industry  of  our  native  citizens,  discourages  the  migration  to 
our  shores  of  foreigners  devoted  to  manufactures.  Allured  by 
the  advantages  of  our  excellent  form  of  government,  hundreds 
and  thousands  of  them  come  to  enrich  us  with  their  capital,  their 
talents,  and  their  industry  ; but  on  their  arrival  they  find  no  room 
for  the  employment  of  either  industry,  talents,  or  capital.  Many 
of  those  who  seek  support  here  in  their  respective  trades  and 
professions,  are  obliged  to  earn  a maintenance  by  low  and  servile 
occupations,  in  which  their  skill  and  talents  are  literally  thrown 
away;  many,  to  our  knowledge,  have  been  reduced  to  mendicity; 
and  hundreds  are  driven  to  Canada  or  Nova  Scotia,  or  obliged  to 
return  to  their  native  countries,  where  they  hold  out  a beacon  to 
others,  not  to  try  their  fortunes  in  this  new  world.  To  England 
no  less  than  one  hundred  lately  returned  in  one  vessel. 

We  beg  leave  to  repeat,  what  we  stated  in  our  former  report, 
that  most  of  these  manufactures  are  prostrated  not  for  want  of 
protecting  duties,  but  in  consequence  of  the  general  impoverish- 
ment of  the  country,  arising  principally  from  the  want  of  protec- 
tion to  the  great  leading  branches  of  cotton,  wool,  and  iron.  A 
large  portion  of  our  manufactures,  including  the  chief  of  those  de- 
pending on  manual  labour,  have  succeeded  completely : and  it  is  a 
singular  and  striking  fact, notwithstanding  the  high  price  of  labour 
is  so  often  urged  against  the  encouragement,  and  against  the 


5 

chance  of  success  of  manufactures  here,  that  we  yield  the  palm 
chiefly  in  those  branches  depending  on  machinery,  in  which,  from 
our  numerous  mill-seats,  we  have  advantages  beyond  any  nation 
in  Europe. 

A trite  observation  is  used  to  palliate  our  sufferings,  which,  as 
it  diverts  public  attention  from  their  real  sources,  and  thus  may 
prevent  the  application  of  an  adequate  remedy,  deserves  to  be  met 
and  refuted.  We  invite  your  attention. 

It  is  asserted  that  the  present  is  a season  of  general  stagnation 
and  embarrassment  ; that  the  commercial  world  is  every  where 
involved  in  distress,  the  necessary  consequence  of  the  transition 
from  a state  of  war  to  a state  of  peace  ; and  that  we  only  parti- 
cipate in  the  general  suffering,  from  which  we  have  no  right  to 
claim  an  exemption. 

These  views,  however  plausible,  are  destitute  of  foundatipn, 
and  are  wholly  unsupported  by  facts.  That  there  is  great  distress 
in  certain  parts  of  Europe,  we  admit ; but  it  is  far  from  being  as 
general  as  is  asserted.  Manufactures  and  trade  are  in  a flourish- 
ing state  in  France,  Russia,  and  the  Netherlands,  in  consequence 
of  the  wise  system  of  protecting  national  industry,  pursued  in 
those  countries.  The  first,  it  is  stated  by  travellers  of  undoubted 
veracity,  was  never  in  a more  prosperous  situation. 

But  admitting  for  a moment,  that  distress  and. embarrassment 
were  not  only  general,  but  universal  in  Europe,  it  by  no  means 
follows  that  they  should  extend  to  this  country.  The  nations  of 
that  quarter,  with  hardly  any  exception,  were  for  twenty  years 
wasted  and  consumed  by  a devouring  war.  Most  of  them  were 
subjected  to  the  often  repeated  rapine  and  depredation  of  count- 
less hordes  of  licentious  and  rapacious  armies,  which  levied  on 
them  most  exorbitant  and  ruinous  contributions.  Their  people 
are  generally  subject  to  grinding  taxes,  rack-rents,  and  oppressive 
tythes.  Their  national  debts  are  enormous,  and  their  governments 
expensive — supported  by  numerous  standing  armies,  a burden  to 
the  rest  of  the  community. 

We  ask  our  fellow  citizens  what  analogy  can  be  found  between 
their  situation  and  ours  ? None. — As  well  might  we  compare 
the  decay  and  decrepitude  of  seventy  to  the  vigour  and  alacrity 
of  thirty,  as  compare  some  of  the  European  nations  with  the 
United  States. 

For  nineteen  successive  years  we  enjoyed  as  numerous  and  as 
important  advantages  as  any  nation  ever  did.  We  carried  on  a 
most  extensive  and  lucrative  commerce  with  all  the  world,  and 
were  the  carriers  for  a large  portion  of  the  commercial  nations. 
We  were  at  war  only  about  two  years  and  a half,  during  which 
time  our  manufactures  made  a progress  not  often  equalled, and  per- 
haps never,  under  similar  circumstances,  exceeded.  We  closed 
the  war  with  honour  and  glory,  and  in  a state  of  high  prosperity  ; 
our  debt  is  moderate  ; our  public  contributions  light;  our  govern- 
ment unexpcnsive  ; direct  taxes  are  hardly  known.  We  pay  no 
tythes  ; as  the  support  of  the  clergy  is  wholly  voluntary  ; — ninety- 


6 

nine  out  of  a hundred  of  our  farmers  and  planters  own  the  soil  they 
cultivate  ; our  people  are  ingenious,  industrious, and  persevering: 
yet  notwithstanding  all  these,  and  various  other  advantages,  in 
three  years,  without  war,  famine  or  pestilence,  we  have  fallen 
from  a high  grade  of  prosperity.  Distress  in  a greater  or  less  de- 
gree pervades  the  nation  ; property  of  almost  every  description 
has  fallen  10,  20,  30,  40,  50,  or  even  60  per  cent.  Industry  is  ge- 
nerally paralized,  and  every  class  of  our  citizens  is  embarrassed, 
except  public  officers,  whose  salaries  remain  unaltered,  notwith- 
standing the  rise  in  the  value  of  money,  and  likewise  great  capi- 
talists, who  are  enabled  to  possess  themselves  of  the  property  of 
the  distressed  at  one  half  or  two  thirds  of  its  value,  and  in  some 
cases  at  one-third. 

But  with  our  system  it  could  not  be  otherwise.  It  never  has 
been  otherwise  with  nations  whose  industry  has  not  been  protected. 
Had  we,  like  the  Spaniards,  the  mines  of  Potosi,  we  should,  like 
them,  be  impoverished,  under  a system  which  opens  our  ports  to 
the  manufactures  of  all  the  world,  while  most  of  its  markets  are 
shut,  not  only  against  our  manufactures,  but  in  some  cases  against 
the  most  important  produce  of  our  soil ; a system  whereby  we 
are  deluged  with  immoderate  quantities  of  luxuries,  which  we 
do  not  want,  and  of  necessaries  and  conveniences,  with  which  we 
could  supply  ourselves;  a system  which  prodigally  lavishes  the 
wealth  and  resources  of  our  country,  to  support  the  agriculture, 
manufactures,  trade,  and  commerce,  of  foreign  nations,  and  stints 
and  starves  our  own — consigning  our  fellow  citizens  to  distress 
and  wretchedness  : And  thus,  under  the  best  form  of  government 
in  the  world,  we  wantonly  inflict  on  ourselves  many  of  the  most 
serious  and  oppressive  evils  of  the  worst;  for  it  is  an  awful  truth, 
which  we  wish  to  be  sounded  in  the  ears  of  all  the  constituted 
authorities  of  the  United  and  individual  states,  that  there  is  no 
country  in  the  civilized  world , in  which  the  class  of  manufacturer sy 
who  have  at  all  times  been  most  zealously  cherished  by  all  wise  go- 
vernments, are  in  so  unprotected  a situation , as  in  the  United 
States.  There  is  not  a greater  difference  between  light  and 
darkness,  virtue  and  vice,  than  between  the  fostering  care  be- 
stowed on  manufactures  in  England,  France,  Austria  and  Russia 
and  the  cold  and  chilling  neglect  which  the  successive  applica- 
tions for  relief,  made  to  congress,  by  our  manufacturers  in  1816, 
1817,  1818,  and  1819,  have  experienced.  They  produced  no 
more  effect,  and  were  treated  with  no  more  respect,  than  the  ap- 
plications of  the  congress  of  1774,  to  the  ministers  of  his  Bri- 
tannic majesty.  And  in  fact,  it  is  a melancholy  truth,  that  the 
manufacturers  of  the  United  States  are  almost  as  completely  un- 
represented in  congress,  as  this  country,  when  in  its  colonial 
state,  was  in  the  British  parliament : and  history  is  replete  with 
proofs  that  when  the  power  of  a country  is  exclusively  vested  in 
one  portion  of  its  people,  the  others  rarely  experience  the  bene- 
ficent consequences  resulting  from  that  “ even-handed  justice” 
which  “ does  as  it  would  be  done  by.” 


7 

The  committee  believe  that  one  of  the  chief  ends  of  govern- 
ment is  the  protection  of  property  acquired,  and  protection  in  the 
acquisition  of  property  ; that  so  far  as  respects  the  latter  object,  a 
large  portion  of  the  manufacturers  are  debarred  of  this  right ; that 
it  is  impossible  for  one  large  class  of  citizens  to  suffer  without 
the  others  participating  in  the  distress ; and  finally  that,  although 
the  manufacturers  are  the  first  and  greatest  sufferers  by  this  bale- 
ful policy,  which  sacrifices  their  industry  to  that  of  foreign  nations, 
yet,  that  the  impoverishment  of  the  country,  arising  from  that 
sacrifice,  has  spread  itself  over  the  whole  of  the  United  States 
with  the  two  exceptions  already  specified. 

Although  not  exactly  within  the  duty  enjoined  on  your  com- 
mitee,  they  judged  it  not  improper  to  exhibit  a statement  of  the 
depreciation  of  the  value  and  income  of  real  estate  in  the  city 
of  Philadelphia,  in  order  more  fully  to  corroborate  the  view  they 
have  given  of  the  existing  distress. 

Of  85  houses  in  six  continuous  squares  in  Market  street, 
which  were  in  1818  rented  for 
There  were,  one  month  since,  only  49  occupied,  which 
rent  for  - 

Diminution  of  annual  income  in  part  of  a single  street 
And  there  were  no  less  than  36  houses  wholly  unoccupied. 

In  those  squares,  many  of  the  houses  are  under  lease,  and 
therefore  have  undergone  no  change  in  the  rent ; and  many  are 
occupied  by  the  owners.  Of  both  descriptions  no  notice  is  taken. 
This  view  is  wholly  confined  to  houses  of  which  the  rent  has  been 
lowered,  or  which  are  unoccupied. 

And  on  an  examination  of  sundry  streets,  being  about  three- 
fourths  of  the  whole  city,  there  were  found,  a fortnight  since,  not 
less  than  about  400  houses  unoccupied. 

On  a careful  examination  of  the  subject,  your  committee  re- 
spectfully submit  for  consideration  the  following  resolutions : 

Resolved , That  it  is  clearly  established,  on  a careful  examina- 
tion, that  the  industry  of  a very  large  portion  of  the  inhabitants  of 
this  city  and  its  vicinity  is  completely  destroyed,  whereby  thou- 
sands of  useful  citizens  and  their  families  are  deprived  of  employ- 
ment, and  reduced  to  distress  and  difficulty. 

Resolved , That  the  great  difference  between  our  situation,  and 
that  of  those  countries  in  Europe,  which  at  present  suffer  dis- 
tress and  embarrassment,  together  with  the  solid  advantages  we 
possess,  forbid  the  idea  that  our  embarrassments  are  owing  to  the 
transition  from  a state  of  war  to  a state  of  peace. — (2  dissenting 
voices.) 

Resolved , That  the  grand  and  primary  cause  of  the  prostrate 
state  of  our  manufactures,  is  the  extravagant  inundation  of  foreign 
goods  poured  into  our  country,  in  consequence  of  the  want  of 
adequate  protection  for  the  national  industry ; which  goods  are 
sold  at  such  reduced  rates  as  to  deprive  our  citizens  of  a chance 
of  sale  of  their  manufactures ; whereby  our  country  is  plunged  in 
debt,  our  wealth  drained  away  to  support  the  industry  of  foreign 
nations — and  a heavy  permanent  annual  tax  imposed  on  us,  to 


g88,260 

35.205 

53,055 


8 

pay  the  interest  of  the  government  and  bank  stock,  remitted  in 
payment  for  those  goods. — (1  dissenting  voice.) 

Resolved , That  the  intercourse  between  the  United  States  and 
most  of  the  countries  of  Europe,  is  carried  on  without  adequate 
reciprocity  ; as  our  chief  manufactures,  and  even  some  of  our  agri- 
cultural productions,  are  there  excluded  by  positive  prohibitions, 
or  by  extravagant  duties,  while  our  government  prohibits  no  ar- 
ticle whatever,  and  imposes  on  foreign  manufactures  duties  com- 
paratively light,  and  wholly  inadequate  for  protection. 

Resolved , That  it  be  earnestly  recommended  to  the  friends  of 
the  welfare  of  their  country,  to  unite  their  exertions  to  induce 
congress,  at  its  next  session,  to  remove  the  source  of  the  evils 
under  which  the  nation  labours,  by  such  a modification  of  the 
tariff,  as  will  afford  protection  to  the  industry  of  the  citizens  of 
the  United  States,  equal  to  what  is  afforded  by  the  monarchies 
of  Europe  to  the  industry  of  their  subjects. 

Resolved , That  the  committee  of  correspondence  appointed  on 
the  4th  ult.  be  a standing  committee  to  correspond  with  such  citi- 
zens of  this  and  the  other  states,  as  may  be  disposed  to  co-operate 
in  the  support  of  the  national  industry. 

Resolved , That  it  be  earnestly  recommended  to  the  citizens  of 
Boston,  New-York,  Baltimore,  Wilmington,  Pittsburg,  and  all 
other  places,  where  industry  is  paralized,  to  appoint  committees 
to  make  enquiry  into  the  rise,  progress,  and  decline  of  their 
manufactures  respectively,  in  order  to  lay  the  result  before  con- 
gress, at  their  next  session,  so  as  to  enable  that  body  fully  to  ap- 
preciate the  ruinous  consequences  of  the  existing  policy,  and  to 
apply  an  adequate  remedy. 

Resolved,  That  the  memorial  adopted  at  the  meeting  on  the 
4th  ult.  together  with  the  proceedings  of  this  meeting,  be  trans- 
mitted by  the  committee  of  correspondence  to  the  members  of 
the  general  and  state  governments,  and  to  all  the  post-masters  in 
the  United  States, 

Resolved , That  Thomas  Leiper,  M.  Richards,  James  Ronald- 
son,  Z.  Philips,  and  Thomas  F.  Gordon,  be  a committee  of  finance, 
for  the  purpose  of  raising  subscriptions  to  defray  the  expences  of 
the  publication  of  these  documents. 

A letter  from  the  secretary  of  a society  formed  in  Boston,  for 
the  purpose  of  encouraging  domestic  manufactures,  to  a citizen, 
was  read — whereupon  it  was 

Resolved , That  the  committee  of  correspondence  open  a com- 
munication with  the  said  society  upon  the  objects  for  which  they 
have  mutually  been  established. 

The  question  being  severally  put  on  those  resolutions,  they 
were  duly  agreed  to. 

Adjourned  to  meet  at  this  place  on  the  last  Monday  in  Novem- 
ber next. 

MATHEW  LAWLER,  Chairman. 

Condy  Raguet,  Secretary. 

October  2,  1819. 


